Published 01-07-22
Submitted by AllianceBernstein
As investors and companies increasingly seek to address the risks of climate change, there is growing debate about the use of carbon offsets in achieving net-zero emissions. We think there’s room for a measure of offsets to achieve carbon neutrality, provided best practices are followed.
Opinions have diverged about what contribution, if any, offsets make to net-zero emissions. Starting with the Kyoto Protocol, regional initiatives have encouraged offsets as building blocks to a standardized international marketplace for them. But some have grown concerned about “carbon indulgences,” where investors can use offsets to burnish their climate credentials without really solving the root problem.
While there are many pros and cons to offsets, we believe there is a strong case for investors and companies alike to use a modicum of offsets to achieve goals of carbon neutrality. And with the finalization of Article 6 at COP26 recently, we expect even more dialog and interest, especially surrounding offset regulation and markets.
Offsets Help “Square” the Carbon Balance Sheet
Offsets represent a small but effective weapon in the bigger war on climate change. Their purpose is to help make-up for greenhouse gases (GHG) that company or other entity produces by allowing it to buy, sponsor or fund a carbon-reduction initiative elsewhere. Generally, offsets take the form of credits—each representing a one-metric-tonne reduction of CO2—which freely trade in two distinct markets: compliance (a.k.a. “cap-and-trade”) and voluntary.
In the compliance, or mandatory market, offset credits are issued to entities that bring emissions within imposed limits to avoid hefty fines. With the rising number of net-zero emissions commitments, the compliance offset market has expanded to a wide list of credits with names conative of their respective goals.
The voluntary offset market is a bit more freewheeling by comparison. It comprises offset credits tied to verifiable GHG reductions from proactive programs, like a new wind farm. Governments, companies and high net worth individuals typically “retire” voluntary credits to claim the carbon reduction. Whether due to genuine environmental concern, the desire for better optics or something else, the voluntary offsets market has grown steadily in recent years, with forestry and renewable energy credits consistently out front.
On the Long Road to “Net-Zero,” Offsets Share Some Driving
With the proliferation of “net-zero by 2050” commitments across sectors, industries and geographies, we think offsets should play a part in every company’s and investor’s plan. Moreover, many companies may not have a viable path to net-zero emissions without offsets, a challenge that has been acknowledged by global initiatives, government policies and science. In fact, Article 6 of the Paris Climate Accord lays out the creation of a global carbon market, with offsets as its building blocks.
Through our partnership with Columbia University’s Earth Institute, we have seen support for carbon offsets extend to leaders and lecturers across the scientific community, all attesting to the effective weapon they provide companies in the war on climate change. Even if the Accord misses its larger goal to limit long-term global warming to 1.5 degrees above pre-industrial levels, companies can still reach “net-zero” targets independently with the help of offsets.
As active investors, we also believe that a liquid offset market with transparent pricing can transmit signals that can be used in investment decisions at the portfolio and corporate levels. That is, a company’s use of offsets (or lack of it) is a litmus test for how authentically they’re managing climate-related risks and opportunities.
The prices companies pay for offsets is especially telling, offering key intel in an active investor’s vetting process. It also helps stir up activity that could improve outcomes for the issuer, stakeholders and others across the value chain. For example, offsets can have wide impact as markets create steady revenue flows from wealthy emitters to areas with more genuine offsetting activities. This typically helps benefit more rural and poor communities, which usually have the greatest need for carbon reduction initiatives.
Better Impact Through Best Practices
Carbon offsets are well-intentioned, green investment vehicles in theory. But they vastly differ in scope and many have fallen short of goals. In our experience, however, we’ve honed six best practices that can help in the due diligence needed to improve investor results:
While we appreciate their current limitations, we believe offsets will form a small part of the solution to climate change. They’re not the lynchpin, but rather a critical component of a complete plan, particularly in mining, industrials and energy, which, in our view, won’t have a realistic transition to net-zero without them. And like anything that determines a company’s success, active analysis with an eye toward best practices can help determine which carbon offsets are most effective at reducing emissions in a meaningful way.
AllianceBernstein (AB) is a leading global investment management firm that offers high-quality research and diversified investment services to institutional investors, individuals, and private wealth clients in major world markets. We believe corporate responsibility, responsible investing and stewardship are intertwined. To be effective stewards of our clients’ assets, we strive to invest responsibly—assessing, engaging on and integrating material issues, including environmental, social and governance (ESG), and climate change considerations in most of our actively managed strategies. We also believe that strive to hold ourselves as a firm to similar practices that we ask of issues. Our stewardship practices, investment strategy and decision-making are guided by our purpose, mission and values.
Our purpose—pursue insight that unlocks opportunity—inspires our firm to act responsibly. While opportunity means something different to each of our stakeholders; it always means considering the unique goals of each stakeholder. AB’s mission is to help our clients define and achieve their investment goals, explicitly stating what we do to unlock opportunity for our clients. We became a signatory to the Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI) in 2011. This began our journey to formalize our commitment to identify responsible ways to unlock opportunities for our clients through integrating material ESG factors throughout most of our actively managed equity and fixed-income client accounts, funds and strategies. AB also engages issuers where it believes the engagement is in the best financial interest of its clients.
Because we are an active manager, our differentiated insights drive our ability to deliver alpha and design innovative investment solutions. ESG and climate issues are important elements in forming insights and in presenting potential risks and opportunities that can have an effect on the performance of the companies and issuers that we invest in and the portfolios that we build.
Our values provide a framework for the behaviors and actions that deliver on our purpose and mission. Values align our actions. Each value emerges from the firm’s collective character—yet is also aspirational.
As of September 30, 2023, AB had $669B in assets under management, $458B of which were ESG-integrated. Additional information about AB may be found on our website, www.alliancebernstein.com.
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